Dutch Parliamentary Elections 2002-2025
House of Representatives Analysis
Comprehensive analysis of 9 elections over 23 years
🏆 Biggest Winners (2023→2025)
D66
+17 seats
9 → 26
CDA
+13 seats
5 → 18
JA21
+8 seats
1 → 9
📉 Biggest Losers (2023→2025)
NSC
-20 seats
20 → 0
PVV
-11 seats
37 → 26
GL-PvdA
-5 seats
25 → 20
📊 Fragmentation Trend
Effective Number of Parties
8.64
15 parties in parliament
(2023 - latest full results)
Trend: 📈 Increasing fragmentation
2002: 6.03 → 2023: 8.64
Election-to-Election Seat Changes
2023 → 2025
Parliamentary Fragmentation Over Time
What does this mean?
Effective Number of Parties (ENP) measures how fragmented parliament is. Higher values indicate more parties competing for power, making coalition formation more complex.
2002 Parliament
6.03 ENP
10 parties
2023 Parliament
8.64 ENP
15 parties
📈 Parliament has become 43% more fragmented since 2002, requiring more complex coalition negotiations.
Data based on official election results
Source: Dutch Electoral Council (Kiesraad) | verkiezingsuitslagen.nl
Elections: 2002 • 2003 • 2006 • 2010 • 2012 • 2017 • 2021 • 2023 • 2025